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<title>Logging</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Logging</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about cutting, processing, and moving trees. For electronic recording of events, see <a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)">Logging (computing)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Log_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Log (disambiguation)">Log (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Logging</b> is the process of cutting, processing, and moving <a href="Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> to a location for <a href="Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>. It may include <a href="Skidder" title="Skidder">skidding</a>, on-site processing, and loading of trees or <a href="Trunk_(botany)" title="Trunk (botany)">logs</a> onto <a href="Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">trucks</a><sup id="cite_ref-dictionaryofforestry.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionaryofforestry.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="Flatcar#Skeleton_car" title="Flatcar">skeleton cars</a>. In <a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, the term logging is sometimes used narrowly to describe the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the <a href="Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>, usually a <a href="Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> or a <a href="Lumber_yard" title="Lumber yard">lumber yard</a>. In common usage, however, the term may cover a range of forestry or <a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a> activities.

</p><p>Logging is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw <a href="Material" title="Material">material</a> for many products societies worldwide use for <a href="Housing" title="Housing">housing</a>, <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and consumer <a href="Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> products. Logging systems are also used to manage <a href="Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, reduce the risk of <a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, and restore <a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> functions,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though their efficiency for these purposes has been challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Logging frequently has negative impacts. The harvesting procedure itself <a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">may be illegal</a>, including the use of corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may involve the so-called "<a href="Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excess logging can lead to irreparable harm to ecosystems, such as <a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrastructure for logging can also lead to other <a href="Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. These negative environmental impacts can lead to <a href="Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there is significant occupational injury risk involved in logging.

</p><p>Logging can take many formats. <a href="Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a> (or "block cutting") is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value, often diseased or malformed trees, is referred to as <a href="High_grading" title="High grading">high grading</a>. It is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with <a href="Selection_cutting" title="Selection cutting">selection cutting</a>, the practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging. Submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create <a href="Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a>. Harvesting trees from forests submerged by flooding or dam creation is called <a href="Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">underwater logging</a>, a form of timber recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></div>

<p>Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes essentially all the standing trees in a selected area. Depending on management objectives, a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration,<sup id="cite_ref-dictionaryofforestry.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionaryofforestry.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including wildlife habitat management, mitigation of potential erosion or water quality concerns. <a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> objectives for clearcutting, (for example, healthy regeneration of new trees on the site) and a focus on <a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> distinguish it from <a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. Other methods include <a href="Shelterwood_cutting" title="Shelterwood cutting">shelterwood cutting</a>, <a href="Selection_cutting#Group_selection" title="Selection cutting">group selective</a>, <a href="Selection_cutting#Single-tree_selection" title="Selection cutting">single selective</a>, <a href="Seed_tree" title="Seed tree">seed-tree cutting</a>, <a href="Patch_cut" title="Patch cut">patch cut</a>, and <a href="Variable_retention_(silvicultural_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable retention (silvicultural system)">retention cutting</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_logging_methods">Other logging methods</h2></div>

<p>The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which the following three are considered industrial methods:

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</style><span class="vanchor"><span class="vanchor-text">Tree-length logging</span></span> / stem-only harvesting</h3></div>

<p>Trees are felled and then <a href="Delimbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimbing">delimbed</a> and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is <a href="Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">bucked</a> and loaded on a truck. This leaves the <a href="Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a> (and the nutrients it contains) in the cut area, where it must be further treated if wild land fires are of concern.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whole-tree_logging"> Whole-tree logging</h3></div>

<p>Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. There have been advancements to the process which now allows a logger or <a href="Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">harvester</a> to cut the tree down, top, and delimb a tree in the same process. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing. In areas with access to cogeneration facilities, the slash can be <a href="Woodchipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodchipping">chipped</a> and used for the production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of the entire tree including branches and tops.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique removes both nutrients and soil cover from the site and so can be harmful to the long-term health of the area if no further action is taken, however, depending on the species, many of the limbs are often broken off in handling so the result may not be as different from tree-length logging as it might seem.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cut-to-length_logging">Cut-to-length logging</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cut-to-length_logging" title="Cut-to-length logging">Cut-to-length logging</a></div>

<p>Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting (<a href="Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a>, sawlog, etc.) at the stump area, leaving limbs and tops in the forest. <a href="Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Mechanical harvesters</a> fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a <a href="Skidder" title="Skidder">skidder</a> or <a href="Forwarder" title="Forwarder">forwarder</a>. This method is routinely available for trees up to 900 mm (35 in) in diameter.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transporting_logs">Transporting logs</h2></div>

<p>Logging methods have changed over time, driven by advancements in transporting timber from remote areas to markets. These shifts fall into three main eras: the manual logging era before the 1880s, the railroad logging era from the 1880s to <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the modern mechanized era that began after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1880s:_Pre-Industrial_Era">Pre-1880s: Pre-Industrial Era</h3></div>

<p>In the early days, felled logs were transported using simple methods such as rivers to float tree trunks downstream to sawmills or paper mills. This practice, known as <a href="Log_driving" title="Log driving">log driving</a> or <a href="Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">timber rafting</a>, was the cheapest and most common. Some logs, due to high resin content, would sink and were known as deadheads. Logs were also moved with high-wheel loaders, a set of wheels over ten feet tall, initially pulled by oxen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880s_to_World_War_II:_Railroad_Logging_Era">1880s to World War II: Railroad Logging Era</h3></div>

<p>As the logging industry expanded, the 1880s saw the introduction of mechanized equipment like railroads and steam-powered machinery, marking the beginning of the <a href="Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">railroad logging</a> era. Logs were moved more efficiently by railroads built into remote forest areas, often supported by additional methods like high-wheel <a href="Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">loaders</a>, tractors and <a href="Log_flume" title="Log flume">log flumes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valley_Flumes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valley_Flumes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest high-wheel loader, the "Bunyan Buggie," was built in 1960 for service in California, featuring wheels 24 feet (7.3 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II:_Modern_Mechanized_Logging">Post-World War II: Modern Mechanized Logging</h3></div>

<p>After World War II, mechanized logging equipment, including chainsaws, diesel trucks, and <a href="Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Caterpillar tractors</a>, transformed the logging industry, making railroad-based logging obsolete. With the advent of these tools, transporting logs became more efficient as new roads were constructed to access remote forests. However, in protected areas like <a href="United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">United States National Forests</a> and designated <a href="Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> zones, road building has been restricted to minimize environmental impacts such as erosion in <a href="Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zones</a>.

</p><p>Today, heavy machinery such as <a href="Yarder" title="Yarder">yarders</a> and <a href="Skyline_logging" title="Skyline logging">skyline</a> systems are used to gather logs from steep terrain, while helicopters are used for <a href="Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">heli-logging</a> to minimize environmental impact.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less common forms of logging, like <a href="Horse_logging" title="Horse logging">horse logging</a> and the use of oxen, still exist but are mostly superseded.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_considerations">Safety considerations</h2></div>

<p>Logging is a dangerous occupation. In the United States, it has consistently been one of the most hazardous industries and was recognized by the <a href="National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the <a href="National_Occupational_Research_Agenda" title="National Occupational Research Agenda">National Occupational Research Agenda</a> (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2008, the logging industry employed 86,000 workers and accounted for 93 deaths. This resulted in a fatality rate of 108.1 deaths per 100,000 workers that year. This rate is over 30 times higher than the overall fatality rate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forestry/logging-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal) are often difficult to track through formal reporting mechanisms. Thus, some programs have begun to monitor injuries through publicly available reports such as news media.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The logging industry experiences the highest fatality rate of 23.2 per 100,000 <a href="Full-time_equivalent" title="Full-time equivalent">full-time equivalent</a> (FTE) workers and a non-fatal incident rate of 8.5 per 100 FTE workers. The most common type of injuries or illnesses at work include <a href="Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a> disorders (MSDs), which include an extensive list of "inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the <a href="Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>, <a href="Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, <a href="Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>, <a href="Peripheral_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral nerves">peripheral nerves</a>, and supporting <a href="Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loggers work with heavy, moving weights, and use tools such as <a href="Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">chainsaws</a> and heavy equipment on uneven and sometimes steep or unstable <a href="Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a>. Loggers also deal with severe environmental conditions, such as inclement weather and severe heat or cold. An injured logger is often far from professional emergency treatment.

</p><p>Traditionally, the cry of "Timber!" developed as a warning alerting fellow workers in an area that a tree is being felled, so they should be alert to avoid being struck. The term "<a href="Widowmaker_(forestry)" title="Widowmaker (forestry)">widowmaker</a>" for timber, typically a limb or branch that is no longer attached to a tree, but is still in the canopy either wedged in a crotch, tangled in other limbs, or miraculously balanced on another limb demonstrates another emphasis on <a href="Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">situational awareness</a> as a safety principle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In British Columbia, Canada, the BC Forest Safety Council was created in September 2004 as a not-for-profit society dedicated to promoting safety in the forest sector. It works with employers, workers, contractors, and government agencies to implement fundamental changes necessary to make it safer to earn a living in forestry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The risks experienced in logging operations can be somewhat reduced, where conditions permit, by the use of mechanical tree harvesters, skidders, and forwarders.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="gallerytext">Horse Logging in Wales</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Log transportation by rail in British Columbia in 1920</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">Timber rafting</a> in <a href="Joensuu" title="Joensuu">Joensuu</a> <a href="Canal" title="Canal">canal</a>, Finland, in 2009</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Log transport in the <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Bucked old growth wood in Finland</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Mechanical harvester</a> at work</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Hardwood logs transported down the <a href="Suriname_River" title="Suriname River">Suriname River</a> in South America in 1955</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Logs in Mexico in 2018</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Ark_(river_boat)" title="Ark (river boat)">Ark (river boat)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_logging" title="Cable logging">Cable logging</a>, <a href="Skyline_logging" title="Skyline logging">Skyline logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a> or logging railroad</li>

<li><a href="Gravel_road#Logging_roads" title="Gravel road">Logging road</a></li>

<li><a href="Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">Heli-logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_driving" title="Log driving">Log driving</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lumberjack_World_Championship" title="Lumberjack World Championship">Lumberjack World Championship</a></li>

<li>World Logging Championship</li>

<li><a href="Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Logging_in_the_Sierra_Nevada" title="Logging in the Sierra Nevada">Logging in the Sierra Nevada</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvage_logging" title="Salvage logging">Salvage logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Shovel_logging" title="Shovel logging">Shovel logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Timber_rafting" title="Timber rafting">Timber rafting</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Wood industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood economy">Wood economy</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Forestry_Congress" title="World Forestry Congress">World Forestry Congress</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-dictionaryofforestry.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionaryofforestry.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionaryofforestry.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionaryofforestry.org/">Society of American Foresters, 1998. Dictionary of Forestry.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725234528/http://www.dictionaryofforestry.org/">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKeiferCasanovaGarlandSmidt2019" class="citation journal cs1">Keifer, Matthew; Casanova, Vanessa; Garland, John; Smidt, Mathew; Struttmann, Tim (2019-04-03). "Foreword by the Editor-in-Chief and Guest Editors". <i>Journal of Agromedicine</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>120. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1059924X.2019.1596697">10.1080/1059924X.2019.1596697</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-924X">1059-924X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30890041">30890041</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150081506">150081506</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Logging emits three times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per acre as wildfire alone. Most of the tree parts unusable for lumber – the branches, tops, bark and sawdust from milling – are burned for energy, sending large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. In contrast, wildfire releases a surprisingly small amount of the carbon in trees, less than 2 percent. Logging in U.S. forests is now responsible for as much annual greenhouse gas emissions as burning coal.' Chad Hanson, Michael Dorsey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/30/opinion/california-wildfires-oak-fire-yosemite-sequoias.html">'The Case Against Commercial Logging in Wildfire-Prone Forests,'</a> <a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> 30 July 2022.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602143705/https://www.illegal-logging.info/">"Illegal Logging.Info"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illegal-logging.info/">the original</a> on 2019-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/forestry/420-136/420-136.html">Virginia Tech: Dealing with Timber Theft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017123553/http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/forestry/420-136/420-136.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26842098/">msnbc.com – Guilty pleas in cedar tree theft</a> September 23, 2008 </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPutzDykstraHeinrich2000" class="citation journal cs1">Putz, Francis E.; Dykstra, Dennis P.; Heinrich, Rudolf (2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2641994">"Why Poor Logging Practices Persist in the Tropics"</a></span>. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">951–</span>956. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ConBi..14..951P">2000ConBi..14..951P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.2000.99137.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99137.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8892">0888-8892</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2641994">2641994</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40156577">40156577</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/132946">"Environmental hazards from logging"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of World Probems & Human Potential</i>. 2020-10-04.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.na.fs.fed.us/stewardship/newsltr/newsletter/04fall_stewardship.pdf">Forest Matters: Just Say No to High Grading page 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926001227/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/stewardship/newsltr/newsletter/04fall_stewardship.pdf">Archived</a> September 26, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208120154/http://tritonlogging.com/">"Triton Logging"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tritonlogging.com/">the original</a> on 2011-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherspoon" class="citation web cs1">Weatherspoon, C. Phillip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926065633/http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/web/PDF/VII_C44.PDF">"Fire-Silviculture Relationships in Sierra Forests"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Redding%2C_California" title="Redding, California">Redding, California</a>: <a href="United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1167–</span>1176. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/web/PDF/VII_C44.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 26, 2006.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiarevealed.org/do/92cdbf57-68c4-48e1-91cb-4d37ae027962">"Lecture - Hank Johnston"</a>. Sierra Historic Sites Association. April 27, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA66">"Wanted An-Inventor!" <i>Popular Mechanics Monthly</i>, July 1930, pp. 66–70, see p. 67 middle photo</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Valley_Flumes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valley_Flumes_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc30.com/sierra-nevada-central-valley-fresno-county/56206/">"A look back at the history of the Valley's log flumes"</a>. <i>ABC 30 (KFSN)</i>. Fresno, California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CoDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1930&pg=PA96">"Huge Logging Tractor Moves on Wheels 24 Feet High."</a> <i>Popular Science</i>, June 1960, pp. 96–98.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forestry.com/blog/helicopter-logging-heli-logging/">Helicopter logging or Heli-logging</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604093745/http://forestry.com/blog/helicopter-logging-heli-logging/">Archived</a> 2009-06-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Forestry.com</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/XII/0573-B1.htm"><i>Animal logging in the US South and its application in the developing countries</i></a>, <a href="FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/agff/default.html">"CDC – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. 2019-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/logging">"NIOSH Logging Safety"</a>. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeicheltGorucu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Weichelt, Bryan; Gorucu, Serap (2018-02-17). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2018/02/16/injuryprev-2017-042671">"Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org"</a></span>. <i>Injury Prevention</i>. <b>25</b> (3): injuryprev–2017–042671. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Finjuryprev-2017-042671">10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-8047">1353-8047</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29386372">29386372</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3371442">3371442</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguezCasanovaLevinPorras2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, Anabel; Casanova, Vanessa; Levin, Jeffrey L.; Porras, David Gimeno Ruiz de; Douphrate, David I. (2019-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7008449">"Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Loggers in the Ark-La-Tex Region"</a>. <i>Journal of Agromedicine</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>176. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1059924X.2019.1567423">10.1080/1059924X.2019.1567423</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-924X">1059-924X</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7008449">7008449</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30624156">30624156</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLove" class="citation web cs1">Love, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grit.com/farm-and-garden/do-it-yourself/avoiding-widowmakers-zm0z17sozeva/">"Avoiding Widowmakers - Grit"</a>. <i>www.grit.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcforestsafe.org/">BC Forest Safety Council</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-3068683592">"Forestry: Guide to Managing Risks of Timber Harvesting Operations"</a>. <i>Trove</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBryant1913" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Ralph Clement (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loggingprincip00brya"><i>Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States</i></a>. New York: <a href="J._Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Wiley & Sons">J. Wiley & Sons</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCostaMagnusson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Costa, F.; Magnusson, W. (2002). "Selective effects on abundance, diversity, and composition of tropical understory herbs". <i><a href="Ecological_Applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological Applications">Ecological Applications</a></i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">807–</span>819. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F1051-0761%282002%29012%5B0807%3ASLEOAD%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0807:SLEOAD]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPinardPutz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pinard, M. A.; Putz, F. E. (1996). "Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damage". <i><a href="Biotropica" title="Biotropica">Biotropica</a></i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">278–</span>295. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Biotr..28..278P">1996Biotr..28..278P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2389193">10.2307/2389193</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2389193">2389193</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPutzSistFredericksonDykstra2008" class="citation journal cs1">Putz, F.; Sist, P.; Frederickson, T.; Dykstra, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160219/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=21098&content=PDF">"Reduced-impact logging: challenges and opportunities"</a>. <i>Forest Ecology & Management</i>. <b>256</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1427–</span>1433. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2008.03.036">10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.036</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=21098&content=PDF">the original</a></span> on 2021-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-29</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShuklaSellersNobre1990" class="citation journal cs1">Shukla, J.; Sellers, P.; Nobre, C. (1990). "Amazon deforestation and climate change". <i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>247</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1322–</span>1325. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...247.1322S">1990Sci...247.1322S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.247.4948.1322">10.1126/science.247.4948.1322</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F2838">10535/2838</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17843795">17843795</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8361418">8361418</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSokalGurevitchBrown2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sokal, R. R.; Gurevitch, J.; Brown, K. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395920">"Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar"</a>. <i><a href="Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">PNAS</a></i>. <b>101</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">6045–</span>6049. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.6045B">2004PNAS..101.6045B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401456101">10.1073/pnas.0401456101</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395920">395920</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15067121">15067121</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Logging" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Logging">Logging</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/logging" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/logging">logging</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/logging/">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> – Logging safety</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503013549/http://www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu/2009/12/minnesota-timber-harvesting-publications-and-other-resource-links/">Publications on timber harvesting in Minnesota, US</a>. Many are applicable elsewhere.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia-international.org/campaigns/forests/">EIA forest reports</a>: Investigations into illegal logging.</li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style><div id="Forestry1738" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br><a href="Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li>

<li><a href="Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li>

<li><a href="Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li>

<li><a href="Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li>

<li><a href="Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a>

<li><a href="Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li>

<li><a href="Glade_(geography)" title="Glade (geography)">Glade</a></li>

<li><a href="Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multipurpose_tree" title="Multipurpose tree">Multipurpose tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li>

<li><a href="High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Slash-and-burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li>

<li><a href="Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li>

<li><a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li>

<li><a href="Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li>

<li><a href="Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li>

<li><a href="Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li>

<li><a href="Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li>

<li><a href="Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li>

<li><a href="Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li>

<li><a href="Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li>

<li><a href="Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AClimate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AEarth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AEcology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AEnvironment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APlants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATrees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry_tools_and_equipment1408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Forestry_tools_and_equipment1408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> <a href="Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a href="Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planting</a>,<br><a href="Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caulk_boots" title="Caulk boots">Caulk boots</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoe_(tool)#Types" title="Hoe (tool)">Hoedad</a> (hoedag)</li>

<li><a href="Groasis_Waterboxx" title="Groasis Waterboxx">Groasis Waterboxx</a></li>

<li><a href="Mattock" title="Mattock">Mattock</a></li>

<li><a href="Pottiputki" title="Pottiputki">Pottiputki</a></li>

<li><a href="Root_trainer" title="Root trainer">Root trainer</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_planting_bar" title="Tree planting bar">Tree planting bar</a> (dibble bar)</li>

<li><a href="Tree_shelter" title="Tree shelter">Tree shelter</a> (Tuley tube)</li>

<li><a href="Tree_spade" title="Tree spade">Tree spade</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Mensuration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_gauge" title="Angle gauge">Angle gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Biltmore_stick" title="Biltmore stick">Biltmore stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Chain_(unit)#Other_instruments" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Cruising_rod" title="Cruising rod">Cruising rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Diameter_tape" title="Diameter tape">Diameter tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemispherical_photography" title="Hemispherical photography">Hemispherical photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Increment_borer" title="Increment borer">Increment borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">Rangefinder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microtome" title="Microtome">Microtome</a></li>

<li><a href="Relascope" title="Relascope">Relascope</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_caliper" title="Tree caliper">Tree caliper</a></li>

<li><a href="Wedge_prism" title="Wedge prism">Wedge prism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Fire suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a>

<li><a href="Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_flapper_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire flapper (tool)">Fire flapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_retardant#Forest-fire_fighting" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li>

<li><a href="Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li>

<li><a href="McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a> (rakehoe)</li>

<li><a href="Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Axe" title="Axe">Axes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Billhook" title="Billhook">Billhook</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">Broadaxe</a></li>

<li><a href="Brush_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush hook">Brush hook</a></li>

<li><a href="Froe" title="Froe">Froe</a> (shake axe)</li>

<li><a href="Hatchet" title="Hatchet">Hatchet</a></li>

<li><a href="Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_splitter" title="Log splitter">Log splitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_axe" title="Marking axe">Marking axe</a></li>

<li><a href="Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">Splitting maul</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomahawk" title="Tomahawk">Tomahawk</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chainsaw_safety_clothing" title="Chainsaw safety clothing">safety clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw_safety_features" title="Chainsaw safety features">safety features</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Dragsaw" title="Dragsaw">Dragsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumber_edger" title="Lumber edger">Lumber edger</a></li>

<li><a href="Polesaw" title="Polesaw">Polesaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_sawmill" title="Portable sawmill">Portable sawmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Resaw" title="Resaw">Resaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Feller_buncher" title="Feller buncher">Feller buncher</a></li>

<li><a href="Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Forwarder</a></li>

<li><a href="Go-devil" title="Go-devil">Go-devil</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Harvester</a></li>

<li><a href="Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">Helicopter</a></li>

<li><a href="Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Log truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler" title="Lombard Steam Log Hauler">Lombard Steam Log Hauler</a></li>

<li><a href="Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">Peavey</a></li>

<li><a href="Pickaroon" title="Pickaroon">Pickaroon</a></li>

<li><a href="Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Washington_Winch" title="Washington Winch">Washington Winch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Steam_donkey" title="Steam donkey">Steam donkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Yarder" title="Yarder">Yarder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Swing_yarder" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing yarder">swing</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Denailer" title="Denailer">Denailer</a></li>

<li><a href="Firewood_processor" title="Firewood processor">Firewood processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Forestry_mulching" title="Forestry mulching">Forestry mulcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">Hand compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_debarker" title="Hydraulic debarker">Hydraulic debarker</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_house_moulder" title="Log house moulder">Log house moulder</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_flume" title="Log flume">Log flume</a></li>

<li><a href="Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li>

<li><a href="Stump_grinder" title="Stump grinder">Stump grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakat">Tsakat</a></li>

<li><a href="Whoopie_sling" title="Whoopie sling">Whoopie sling</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiln#Wood-drying_kiln" title="Kiln">Wood-drying kiln</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper">Woodchipper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Categories</b>

<ul><li>tools</li>

<li>equipment</li></ul></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b>Commons</b>

<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_machines" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Forestry machines">equipment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject Forestry</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Types of tools</dt>

<dd>Cleaning</dd>

<dd>Cutting and abrasive</dd>

<dd>Forestry</dd>

<dd>Garden</dd>

<dd>Kitchen</dd>

<dd>Machine and metalworking</dd>

<dd>Masonry</dd>

<dd>Measuring and alignment</dd>

<dd>Mining</dd>

<dd>Power</dd>

<dd>Textile</dd>

<dd>Woodworking</dd></dl>

</div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4263611-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Logging"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078097">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="těžba dřeva"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135737&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX532484">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000092391&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533700805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639803">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/0e5c4557-8434-4789-aec0-87254f4cc5b0">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Logging&oldid=1303494218">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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